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Monday, February 23, 2009

The Majorly Mysterious Mima Mounds


"QUANTUM SHOT" #538
Link - article by M. Christian and Avi Abrams



We don't know what they are, where they came from, or what caused them

Scientists love a mystery. Biologists used to have the human genome, but now they have the structure of protein. Physics used to have cosmic rays, but now they have the God particle. Astronomers used to have black holes, but now they have dark matter.

And then there’s the puzzle, the enigma, the joyous mystery that dots the world over: the riddle of what’s commonly called Mima Mounds.



(photos by Chris Joseph Taylor, Arthur M. Ritchie)

What’s an extra added bonus about these cryptic ‘whatevertheyares’ is that they aren’t as miniscule as a protein sequence, aren’t as subatomic as the elusive God particle, and certainly not as shadowy as dark matter. Found in such exotic locales as Kenya, Mexico, Canada, Australia, China and in similarly off-the-beaten path locations as California, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, and especially Washington state, the mounds first appear to be just that: mounds of earth.


(images via 1, 2)

The first thing that’s odd about the mounds is the similarity, regardless of location. With few differences, the mounds in Kenya are like the mounds in Mexico which are like the mounds in Canada which are like the … well, you get the point. All the mounds are heaps of soil from three to six feet tall, often laid out in what appear to be evenly spaced rows. Not quite geometric but almost. What’s especially disturbing is that geologists, anthropologists, professors, and doctors of all kinds – plus a few well-intentioned self-appointed "experts" – can’t figure out what they are, where they came from, or what caused them.


(Close up aerial view of Mima Prairie mounds. image via)

Not man-made, hardly nature-made and possibly not subconscious-made

One of the leading theories is that they are man-made, probably by indigenous people. Sounds reasonable, no? Folks in loincloths hauling dirt in woven baskets, meticulously making mound after mound after … but wait a minute. For one thing it would have been a huge amount of work, especially for a culture that was living hand-to-mouth. Then there’s the fact that, as far as can be determined, there’s nothing in the mounds themselves. Sure they aren’t exactly the same as the nearby ground, but they certainly don’t contain grain, pot shards, relics, mummies, arrowheads, or anything that really speaks of civilization. They are just dirt. And if they are man-made, how did the people in Kenya, Mexico, Canada, Australia, China, California, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, and especially Washington state all coordinate their efforts so closely as to produce virtually identical mounds? That’s either one huge tribe or a lot of little ones who somehow could send smoke signals thousands of miles. Not very likely.


A map of suggested mima mound structures in the US. From Science Frontiers #119, SEP-OCT 1998, William R. Corliss


Google Earth images of Mima Mounds in China - more info

Next on the list of explanations is that somehow the mounds were created either by wind and rain or by geologic ups and downs – that there’s some kind of bizarre earthy effect that has caused them to pop up. Again, it sounds reasonable, right? After all, there are all kinds of weird natural things out there: rogue waves, singing sand, exploding lakes, rains of fish and frogs – so why shouldn’t mother nature create field after field of neat little mounds?

The "natural" theory of nature being responsible for the Majorly Mysterious Mima Mounds starts to crumble upon further investigation. Sure there’s plenty of things we don’t yet understand about how our native world behaves scientists do know enough to be able to say what it can’t do – and it’s looking pretty certain it can’t be as precise, orderly, or meticulous as the mounds.


Google Earth views of mounds - for the coordinates and actual map, click here.

But still more theories persist. For many who believe in ley lines, that crop circles are some form of manifestation of our collective unconscious, in ghosts being energy impressions left in stone and brick, the mounds are the same, or at least similar: the result of an interaction between forces we as yet do not understand, or never will, and our spaceship earth.


Google Earth images of Mima Mounds in Africa - more info

Then who's responsible?... wait for it...

Others, those who prefer their granola slightly less crunchy or wear their tinfoil hats a little less tightly, have suggested what I – in my own ill-educated opinion – consider to be perhaps the best theory to date. Some, naturally, have dismissed this concept out-of-hand, suggesting that the whole idea is too ludicrous even to be the subject of a dinner party, let alone deserving the attention and respect of serious research.

But I think this attitude shows not only lack of respect but a lack of imagination. I simply ask that this theory be considered in all fairness and not dismissed without the same serious consideration these now well-respected theories have received.

After all, giant gophers could very well be responsible for the Majorly Mysterious Mima Mounds.


(image via, more info)

Any other ideas?

PS: these weird mounds were recently featured in an excellent story by Laird Barron "Proboscis". Seek it out, it's definitely worth the read (online versions are available here) That story is a definition of a head trip.

Also Read:
The Richat Structure: The Eye of the Earth
The Exploding Lake
Caves: The World Beneath the World

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Category: Travel,Nature

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COMMENTS::

35 Comments:

Anonymous Graham said...

At http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/publications/lifepublications/lifefocus/documents/military_en.pdf (page 29) you will find a couple of (fairly poor) pictures of the Porton Down antscape - hectares of anthills, cheek by jowl, albeit without the geometric regularity your pictures show. Could your mounds have been "built" by insects? I imagine it would take some hundreds of years for such mounds to naturally erode away (depending on local conditions). Here in Wiltshire, UK, there are a good number of neolithic burial mounds which have survived several thousand years, and some of these would (even when "new") have been no higher than the mounds you describe. So current occupation by ants need not rule out such origins. Just a thought!

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Blogger Sigivald said...

But, given the pictures, the mounds aren't meticulous and regular, especially in a way defying natural creation.

They're not all that regular and not at all meticulously laid out in the example images... the Google ones particularly make them look like an erosive artifact.

(The seismic activity hypothesis looks pretty likely, to my eyes.)

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

My guess would be that at one time a certain type of tree or plant grew where the mounds are, and rain eroded the areas between them, where there were fewer roots to hold onto the earth. Eventually the trees/ plants died off for some reason, leaving the mounds.

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Blogger Bill said...

Looks like a standing wave pattern to me. I wonder how the locations of these sites would map compared to sources of vibrations. Hmmm.

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Blogger vanarebane said...

Well it has kind of an texture like some footwear. Maybe it's the carbon footprint?

The other thought I had that when mud dries out it leaves cracks in it (like here http://www.photos.com/en/search/close-up?oid=2710969&hoid=8f04e1d10fb5cea7a9bcc4c10ceb71ec)
and those mountains are some sort of soil that dried up deep into ground and bigger cracks appeared. Through time wind has carved the edges off the cracks and made those bumps look smooth.

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Blogger Mark said...

To me the patterns kinda look like when water is boiling in a pot..

Could at one point they could all have been hot springs?

Water:
http://soul-amp.blogspot.com/2008/01/boiling-water-photo-weird-photos-of.html

sulfur springs:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/3025698529/

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Blogger BlogDog said...

Goose bumps on Mother Earth as she cools down.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

I live near the Mima mounds in Olympia and have heard professors speculate on theories. There is zero evidence of any link to animals. We are close to the terminus of the gaciers during the last ice age. But the most reasonable hypothesis that I've heard has to do with seismic activity. If you put sand on a piece of plywood and bang rythmically with a hammer it forms into regularly spaced little mounds.
Steve in Olympia

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Really big frost heaves?

Either that or Mothra eggs.

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Blogger Mully410 said...

After reading this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mima_Mounds

It seems there is likely a variety of explanations for various mounds around the world. Here in MN I've seen what pocket gophers can do.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

My guess would be... grass. Perhaps with some helper ants/insects/rodents/rabbits for soil fertilisation and turnover. Seeing how quickly grass can build up topsoil (for instance, over a paved path), I don't doubt that over centuries such mounds could build up. All it needs, is some positive feedback between ground surface height (above the water table, or frost zone, or dew-catching, or wind-blown dust collecting, or average sunlight levels) and rate of grass growth - and you'd get mounds. Big ones.

Heck, it might even be something as simple as rabbits liking to sit on top of the mounds for the view, and pooping there - greener grass, more rabbits, more... etc.

Positive feedback is a powerful effect. (Says me, the electronics engineer.)

TerraHertz

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Blogger Jim said...

You can also find them in South Africa.
on Wikimapia:
http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-32.9832881&lon=18.7961912&z=15&l=0&m=a&v=2

on flickr:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/blyzz/792270286/

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Of course they are natural. Just because the exact method of their formation is not yet known is no reason to jump to supernatural conclusions.

Looks to me like an interference pattern of some sort, probably seismic.

Your statement that natural formations "can't be as precise, orderly, or meticulous as the mounds" is breathtakingly ignorant.

Here's an example of a different natural phenomenon creating an equally strange regular landscape: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2665675.stm

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

I have to agree with Bill, those look like acoustic wave patterns created by some sort of seismic activity. To indicate cause by flora or fauna, there would have to be traceable remains of either in, on, or around those mounds.

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Blogger M' T said...

As far as I have read and understood those mounds were made by indians. They used them to grow certain crops that needed a type of ground elevation, in order to get the conditions right for the crops to grow (moisture levels etc.).

source:
http://www.amazon.com/1491-Revelations-Americas-Before-Columbus/dp/product-description/1400032059
(apparently this theory of those mounds being human made is supported broadly among archaeologists, and having read that book i'm also inclined to believe it to be true)

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Hmm, miniature giant space gophers?

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Ants

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

I live near some of these and have wondered about them for years. Glad to finally have a name for them and to know no one else knows that they are either.

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Blogger Tyler said...

I couldn't even start guessing what the heck these things are. I just find it funny that Canada is referred to as an "exotic locale" along with Kenya and Australia.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Clearly these are NOT "Mothra eggs",
but rather the pupae mounds left whenever Rush Limbaugh visits an area.
When he and Sarah Palin are declared
King and Queen, they will burst forth
and destroy Godless heathens and organic farms the world over.

___  
Anonymous Bilster said...

I think theyre made from earthquakes when the ground is loose like sand forms these shapes when on something that vibrates at the right frequency. This could be a bigger scale of it.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Where's the mystery?

Looking at them, i'd say they're caused by the vibration of the earth (the schumann resonance)
and fluctous interference with the cosmic hum (prana/vril/orgone/ether).

Check out the field of Cymatics of Prof Dr. Hans Jenny.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sY6z2hLgYuY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWadDtIFPNs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3csi-2Hrzhg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bAmjRK9wBA


[B]Everything[/B] is a a vibration.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

Hey! These are the places where the Teletubbies live! I KNEW they weren't just fairy tales! :)

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Anonymous virag0 said...

I think they are likely the remnants
of forests. Each mound is a root ball
left over from a decayed tree. The root ball decayed into a pile ofcompost
that eventually became a mound. That is why they are so consistent in form
and the same around the world.

virag0

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Blogger Avi Abrams said...

re:virag0 - Wow, there is a fresh look on things! )

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Blogger cybrbeast said...

Seems like regularly spaced Pingo formation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo
Pingos form from ice lensen in periglacial climates, so it makes sense that they would be found at the edges of ancient ice caps.

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Blogger Blake said...

What Anonymous wrote sounds very plausible: "My guess would be that at one time a certain type of tree or plant grew where the mounds are, and rain eroded the areas between them, where there were fewer roots to hold onto the earth. Eventually the trees/ plants died off for some reason, leaving the mounds."

But I am sure that scientists would easily be able to confirm this by simply digging a big hole in one these mounded areas are analyzing the soil and so forth.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

I have spent a bit of time looking at these mounds in Oregon and California and find that ALL 3 main theories for the mounds FAIL for the same reason, none come lose to covering the range of the mounds.

FAR MORE MOUNDS exist in areas that

1. are not seismically active than are.

2. are outside the range of gophers than within (also there is no signs of gopher activity within the mounds.) This theory is stupidity squared anyway.

3. are outside of areas of glacial wash than are in such areas.

There is no plant or animal that even comes close to covering the entire range of the mounds.

What they are is unknown, they have the appearance of agricultural areas and their internal structure indicates the same thing. This does not mean that is what they are, but this is the only hypothesis that cannot be easily eliminated based on range and structure. The argument against this is that no people were around to build them. Try and find solid research to support this and you may be surprised at the lack thereof.

___  
Blogger William said...

I thought these were caused by episodic floods from glacial lakes. At least that is what I recall. The huge fresh water lake inside an ice dammed basin breaks free and the more flat and wide areas of the lowest areas get that pattern that probably reflects water flowing at a certain rate (reynolds number?) over a surface. Where there are larger obstacles you get different formations. Most of S.E. Washington State was formed that way as I (perhaps wrongly) recall. Or it was Mothra.

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Blogger tret said...

hey Avi, checkout the chocolate hills of Bohol, Philippines.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/ritsuw/3678737195/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chocolate_Hills_Bohol.JPG

___  
Blogger Clint said...

Seismic activity is possible, as is the pingo theory, and perhaps even virag0's tree root theory ... though I suspect that one would leave some kind of organic or even fossilized remains. I tend to lean more toward a version of William's theory of glacial flooding. I know Washington was flooded during the draining of the proglacial Lake Missoula. Other reagions have flooded for other reasons. The southern U.S., for instance, was flooded in tsunami's resulting from the Chicxulub impact.

The thing is, all thesemounds don't necessarily have to have the same origin. Different natural events could very well leave similar artifacts.

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

standing wave maybe

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

It's a rash!

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Anonymous Anonymous said...

The structure of the soil in most cases is granular, and, under the right conditions of loose packing and moisture this can behave like a thixotropic liquid. At the right frequency (presumably from siesmic activity), mounds can form.
watch

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nq3ZjY0Uf-g

for the mechanism.

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Anonymous Tom Givnish said...

Freeze-thaw cycles are known to create highly regular, polygonal patterns in tundra, based on differential expansion of soil- vs. rock-rich domains. I wonder whether swell-shrink cycles could produce the same kinds of patterns on fine-grained soils with lots of clay that dramatically changes volume when wetted vs. dried.

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  • The architecture featured at my Youtube channel may interest you: www.youtube.com/luddite333
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  • Wonderful piece. Thankyou. Have added outgoing links back to here from a piece on Blather which touches on this: http://www.blather.net/globaleyes/archives/2009/01/welcome_to_the_game.html
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  • Nazi arquitechture is the most boring bad taste ever.Not even impressing. In fact, Hitler didn't like the Olimpic stadium because wasn't big enough...or it really was dull! Amazing Speer was so valued then. We'll demonstrates Hitler's sick mind.
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  • I came to this site expecting some typical trivia / top 10 lists, but man, I was wrong. With thorough, interesting and well-researched articles like this, I wouldn't bother reading the contents of your site as a paper magazine. Peace.
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  • DesScorp said...
    "Just goes to show that bad regimes can make good art and impressive architecture."


    Bad regimes?

    If the Axis won WW2 and Russia won the cold war we'd be the 'bad' guys and the suppressed horrors committed by the Allies and capitalists would be propagated and exaggerated in the same way Hollywood treats the Holocaust.

    History is written by the victors!!

    All humans are capable of despicable brutality and angelic compassion, there is no good or evil people, good and evil are perceptions conditioned by society. Fear and stupidity is what turns men into monsters, the enlightened oppressed become the egoistic oppressors on a whim.
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  • DRB has style.
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  • Thank a merciful God that Hitler expended such a mind-boggling amount of recources and these buildings. That was time, material, and manpower that did not go into the war effort.
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  • There is a building here in Birmingham Alabama that was built in the 1920's that has two swaztikas on the steps out front. I was told before WWII it was an Indian symbol for luck. Still creeps me out though.
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  • It is said that good architecture needs totalitairian regimes to be build.

    I think a lot of these buildings are quite good as pieces of architecture but seem to be 'polluted' by the function they once had. If they were build in England no one ever would have have thought about demolishing them and they might have been examples of typical stripped-classicism as part of a counter-functionalist movement.

    I hope enough of them survive till the time we have enough distance from the past to see them as things-in-themselves instead of symbols they once been though for. Just think about the Roman Colloseum. Financed by money from the plundering of Jerusalem it was the place where prisoners (mainly Christians) were to fight with lions and other wild animals. Nowadays nobody thinks about tearing it down because of the cruelty it was once meant for...
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  • Wonderful comment... thank you for this. I might agree on this saying about totalitarian regimes / architecture connection. But I would say "epic architecture", not necessarily "good architecture".
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  • World Capital Germania
    Human sculptures: GAY!!!!
    (Himmler's taste, maybe)
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  • When I was a kid we had a foot length of that phone cable in a cupboard. It provided all the wire for my childhood experiments.
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  • The mechanical fractals are scary fascinating.
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  • The last one reminded me of those MC Escher prints. Imagine combining Escher & fractals- whoa!
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  • Great blog
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  • Talking aboute mechanical fractals: the Vasconcelos library in Mexico:

    picture
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  • these things hurt my brain. ow.
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  • Actually the first one in the Groovy Fractals by Professor Enigma set made me think of the inside of the Way from one of Greg Bear's "Eternity" books.
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  • I'm annoyed that the clearly superior side is labeled 'B' as thought it should come after 'A' in consideration. The janitor at my place of work also uses this obnoxious 'over the back' configuration, despite the many notes I have left him to rectify the situation.
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  • true. configuration A isn't just unergonomic but more complicated to use as well.
    considering that there are some TP-holding constructions with a lid on top to help in tearing individual pieces off, configuration A is clearly not the one to prefer.

    i would guess they are watchin a particulary painful stunt.

    the reason i'm thinking this is because i recognise the faces.
    on the left the half face belongs to "Steve-O", the doggy i dont know, the guy with the missing tooth is Ehren McGhehey, the one in the lower right is Dave England and the quarter face behind Dave is Loomis Fall.

    so i guess someone is breaking his own bones, slamming hard on the ground or doing some other pretty painful thing. =)
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  • I'm definitly a B-sider.

    the sheet is easier to find...AND you only touch the sheets you need.
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  • I prefer neither A nor B but instead to keep the roll off the holder altogether. Is that C or off the alphabet altogether?
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  • I never left a comment, but I f*ing love this site !!!!

    please continue !


    a french guy.
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  • B may appear more handy but usually when you try to tear the paper you either:

    a) rip apart the sheet, leaving fragments on the lid.

    b) doesn´t rip well, tube rolls and you end with more paper on your hands than you need.

    A is superior because it prevents unwanted rolling and it helps you to rip the sheet properly.
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  • This site is Awesome I havitsaved as a Favorte, and stuble acros it on my searc nd end up spendin hours Here !
    keep up the good work and don't use a wirelss keyboard as typos happen alot.
    the Wykeman
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  • If anybody knew anything about anything, they would surely see the vast difference in sanitary properties of each choice. B is superior. Be keeps the paper away from touching the wall ( which is of questionable cleanliness). If you need proof that B is superior, make note that in better hotels, the roll is in the B position, and the first sheet neatly folded into a point.

    The roll at all times should not touch any surface, so it stays sanitary. This would also insinuate, that any cat playtime with said roll would be a definite breach in sanitary condition....
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  • "note that in better hotels, the roll is in the B position"

    This is true, I worked at hotel and we had to place them in the B position. Most places I've worked which had public toilets also insist on the B position.

    You don't want to know what happens if you put it in a A position in a public toilet... Some people have no coordination when wiping their behind.
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  • Very cool - liked the time lapse of the Sun.
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  • Don't forget Jeff de Boer's amazing armor for cats and mice:
    http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2006/12/animal-armor-new-art-form.html?showComment=1167414420000
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  • I need a new mask...
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  • For the history minded, the longbow didn't do much against the French except goad them into a fight. The armor clad infantry were killed the old fashioned way: spears and clubs.
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  • true. it wasn't the longbows that killed them. the terrain played a huge part in that conflict. First, there was a bottleneck in the terrain, so the French knights weren't able to gain from their advantage in numbers. Second, the area became very muddy, thus, the armor not only slowed the knights down, but the sheer weight prevented those that went down/slipped from standing up. In contrast, the lightly armored Englishmen had better mobility and were able to cut down the (horribly) advancing French knights.
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  • "T'is but a flesh wound!"
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  • Henry VIII, eat your heart out.
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  • chain mail did not make a difference, they did not carry you off they battlefield on a stretcher in the middle agess. what a muppet.
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  • @anonymoous:
    >chain mail did not make a difference, they did not carry you off they battlefield on a stretcher in the middle agess. what a muppet.

    Of course. They just left their friends and brothers to die in the mud and the cold. Friendship and comraderie hadn't been invented yet, you know, in those days.
    /irony //just to be sure
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  • Excellent as always, Avi!

    For the next Funky Armours installment, don't forget Ned Kelly's infamous DIY plate armour...

    here's a link, complete with "inside the armour" video
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  • Just wanted to say wow, what a great article! I am a medieval buff but never looked at the history of armor.
    Can not wait to share this with my friends.


    Sari
    theviewfromsarisworld.blogspot.com
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  • There's nothing medieval at all about the first one with the face and eye-grills, and there are a large number of copies/fakes/fantasy in there but you've got lots of great originals too.
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  • But as weapons got more sophisticated during this Middle Ages arms race, smiths had to keep up, making their suits stronger, lighter, and more flexible until they'd reached the pinnacle of defense as well as offense

    Well, not so much. Suits got heavier as firearms came into popularity, until they were too heavy to be useful and still stop a bullet.

    (Thus "bullet proof", from being tested (proofed) by being shot, and successfully stopping the bullet.)

    Lighter armor is great against a thrusting weapon, assuming it can still stop it - but against a mass weapon or heavy impacts, heavier armor is more protective, as the mass of the armor will absorb impact.

    (This is observed by modern re-enactors; one can use titanium armor to reduce weight, but it doesn't absorb impact force very well.)
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  • Several photos here I've never seen before. I wasn't aware that Europeans ever created helmets made to emulate an actual face, but it seems they did. Interesting.
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  • If anyone is ever in NYC go to the metropolitan museum of art. they have an amazing collection of armor including full suits of armor for horses
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  • Early in the Hundred Year's War, longbows could easily take out a knight - provided he was within penetration range. At the beginning, this was anywhere from 50 to 200 yards, but towards the end of the war some armour became so heavy and strong that it was almost impossible to penetrate (aside from some weak sections such as the thin armour near the eye holes).

    The French knights got scrooged over mostly because they were riding horses which had nowhere near enough armour to protect them from an arrow, especially not the incredibly damaging broadhead arrows which longbowmen carried especially for killing horses.

    The horses would get hit, fall over. The knights, if they were lucky, would land safely and get on with the moving - but more often the knight would be hurt by the fall (he is in heavy, restrictive armour, after all).
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  • The longbow, it gets so much love that it seems many people have forgotten that the English actually LOST the 100 years war and that means the French WON the war. Unbelievable? believe it ;)
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  • What a great reference page, thanks for posting it!

    Meanwhile, Jesper is right - a longbowman could really mess up an armor'd knight's (er) day, regardless of terrain and weather.

    When folks such as Anon & raul talk about terrain acting as an advantage for longbowmen, they're usually thinking of Agincourt. True, the terrain at Agincourt was an undeniable advantage in that encounter, but it was by no means the only battle decided by longbows. Ask Harold of England in 1066... :)
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  • William the Conquerer did not use longbows and except for an arrow in Harolds Eye did not decide the outcome (he was wounded by the arrow but killed by Norman knights). The first major use of massed longbow fire was at the battle of Flakirk, which so impressed the English King with the slaughter of the lightly armoured scottish clansmen that they became a large section of every English Army ever since.

    There were nearly 10,000 English archers at Agincourt, if they each fired off 25 which is 1 quiver each thats a quarter of a million arrows.

    Around 10,000 French were killed. I group which is dedicated to the study and reenactment of this battle told me that more french drowned in the mud after wounds than were killed by arrows and that the English Infantry slaughtered the majority of the rest.

    Direct fire from Longbows is nasty but most english armies used showers of arrows which are much less effective against armor except against cavalry as it is almost impossible to give a horse the same protection as a man.
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  • Thank you for insightful comments, read with interest
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  • Am I the only on e who noticed that someone has written an article on ARMOUR and can't spell it.
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  • "Armor" is the Americal spelling. "Armour" is the British spelling.
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  • The French knights got scrooged over mostly because they were riding horses which had nowhere near enough armour to protect them from an arrow, especially not the incredibly damaging broadhead arrows which longbowmen carried especially for killing horses.
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  • Just take a look at the armor belonging to that spokesman for restraint and modesty, Henry the 8th: not only was it state-of-the-art for its day, but it was designed and built -- as was most armor of the day -- to the wearer's dimensions.
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  • Proper medieval armour cant be pierced by a bow in mortal areas (helmet or breastplate) maybe a lucky shot or a corssbow at CLOSE range would be able to pierce some weak spots of the armour. But thats it.

    Longbows and crossbows aren't half as strong as its said to be.
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  • samurai armor was very minimal compared to the armor of other cultures.
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  • Pause, don't hyperventilate: One of their brilliant innovations was perfecting mail ... and, no, I'm not talking about the 'rain nor sleet' variety. Rumored to have been first created by the Celts many centuries before...."

    Mail was around long before the Celts discovered blue paint. In the ancient Roman Army it was called "lorica hamata," and was worn during some periods in preference to the more-publicized "lorica segmentata."

    Mail originated in (pick one): 1.Middle East. 2. India. 3. China. There are many exampkles from all three.
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  • Maybe not such a rotten period of time. Slavery died out after the fall of the Roman Empire. No large standing armies. Maybe "high" culture is over-rated.
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  • You might have a point there. Times were rough, but maybe more sublime.
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  • Read more

  • What Lenin would think? He'd approve seeing as he himself had a Rolls Royce. Which proves that some will always be more equal than others.
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  • India had to be involed, inspred post as usual,
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  • Those were DUPLO blocks not LEGO but close
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  • There's a pic of a white gold plated Mercedes floating around google images...
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  • The writer is a buttnose for referring to the "ugliness" of that wooden car. It's always beautiful to see the realization of a person's vision, especially if you can appreciate it in its own right, instead of comparing it to something else.
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  • nice buddy...... it's an excellent collection of latest cars and i have got many of the my favourite cars wallpapers from ur site but as u know there is always room for the betterment as no body is cent percent perfect
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  • Hey, I'm the Paula Wirth mentioned above... Although I took the photo of the lego car, I am not the owner or artist of the car... but they must be very cool, indeed.
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  • This is fantastic!

    DRB has been my absolute favorite and most recommended site for quite some time, but this gem of a list has made my day, no, my month!

    Thanks for yet another amazing resource.

    There are many of us that cherish what you guys do here.
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  • Great stuff!

    The amount of work that's gone into this must be absolutely immense.

    Thanks for posting this and putting in the hours, now if you could get another one started on the world's classic novels, that would be great!
    ;)
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  • What an awesome labour of love.
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  • Absolutely marvellous!

    I've felt that I'm simply overwhelmed by the sheer amount of authors these days, and lately taken refuge among classic litterature. This little wonder might just help me on my way getting into contemporary stuff once again.
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  • Wow! Absolutely amazing.

    "epic" indeed
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  • Is there a way to actually download and edit this spreadsheet? I would love to have something like this for my own use.
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  • Thank you for encouragement, it's great to get some input.

    Enusan - this is a working copy for now, something that we will be perfecting, so it's not for wide distribution yet.

    Stay tuned for more sci-fi-delicious updates!
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  • You are my heroe(s).
    Really
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  • Great work !
    I was too lazy to search myself for new writers to discover.
    It seems you did the job for me, thanks a lot !
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  • The Robert Reed link goes to the Brady Bunch actor, not the writer.

    This is a great effort. Thanks Avi.
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  • A fantastic resource, I can only offer a hearty thank you to all involved in it's creation and say that is will be used an awful lot in our home

    Thanks
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  • This is a great list! Why don't you offer it as a download so everyone can keep his own notes or filter it to his liking?
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  • Awesome. Thank you.
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  • Pretty Awesome. Only problem I can see is I'll never have time for anything but reading. Good thing I have a pretty non-demanding job.
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  • This is incredible!

    Thank you so much for sharing it!
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  • Thank you guys, really appreciated.

    Also, if anyone wants to help out with writing fiction reviews on SF DRB site, let me know by email.

    Happy reading!
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  • Avi, you create what the Web should be about: "the increase and diffusion of knowledge and wisdom, and their delights, among all people."

    Right On, Man!
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  • I have to point out that I read my first Vance Aandhal story in F&SF in 1964 or 1965. If I recall correctly, it was "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed"(from a Whitman poem). He pretty much disappeared not long after that.
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  • Excellent guide, love the notes, discovered some new (for me) great authors.
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  • Thanks for sharing this great and very complete guide about writers in this variety of the sub-genres.

    Your effort is very remarkable. Thanks guys.
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  • This is by far the best writer's resource I've ever read thanks.
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  • Just came upon this amazing reference. It's bookmarked, and I'm sure I'm going to be visiting it often. What a terrific piece of work!
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